add-on

Refers to a product designed to complement another product. For example, there are numerous add-on boards available that you can plug into a personal computer to give it additional capabilities. Another term for add-on board is expansion board.

The terms add-on and add-in are often, but not always, used synonymously. The term add-in can refer to individual chips you can insert into boards that are already installed in your computer. Add-on, on the other hand, almost always refers to an entire circuit board, cartridge, or program.

add-in

(1) A component you can add to a computer or other device to increase its capabilities. Add-ins can increase memory or add graphics or communications capabilities to a computer. They can come in the form of expansion boards, cartridges, or chips. The term add-in is often used instead of add-on for chips you add to a board that is already installed in a computer. In contrast, add-on almost always refers to an entire circuit board.

(2) A software program that extends the capabilities of larger programs. For example, there are many Excel add-ins designed to complement the basic functionality offered by Excel. In the Windows environment, add-ins are becoming increasingly common thanks to OLE 2.0.

(3) In Windows Home Server, add-in refers specifically to the supplemental programs that users can install to extend the capabilities of the Windows Home Server program. Most add-ins are third party or community developed.

Browser speed test

A browser speed test is a computer benchmark to measure the performance of the JavaScript engine of a web browser. In general the software is available online, located on a website, where different algorithms are loaded and performed in the browser client. Typical test tasks are rendering and animation, DOM transformations, string operations, mathematical calculations, sorting algorithms and memory instructions. Browser speed tests have been used during browser wars to prove superiority of specific web browsers. The popular Acid3 test is no particular speed test but checks browser conformity to web standards (though it checks whether a general performance goal is met or not).

Chakra ( JScript engine )

Chakra is a JScript engine developed by Microsoft for its upcoming Internet Explorer 9 (IE9) web browser. A distinctive feature of the engine is that it compiles scripts on a separate CPU core, parallel to the web browser.The engine will also be able to access the computer's graphics card processor (GPU), in particular for 3D graphics and video.Microsoft's development of the engine was in direct response to faster competing browsers, on which IE8 was lagging behind in terms of JavaScript processing speed.
SunSpider tests performed on November 18, 2009 showed the PDC version of IE9 executing scripts much faster than IE8, but slower than respectively Firefox 3.6, Chrome 4, and Webkit Nightly. The same test performed on March 15, 2010 showed the first IE9 Platform Preview (using the then-current version of Chakra) to be faster than Firefox (with SpiderMonkey), but slower than respectively Safari (with SquirrelFish Extreme), Chrome (with V8), and Opera (with Carakan). The same test performed on November 16, 2010 showed the seventh IE9 Platform Preview (using the current version of Chakra) to be faster than Safari, Firefox (with TraceMonkey),

Java Script Engine

A Java script engine is a computer software that interprets and executes Java Script.Althouugh the Javsa Script Engine can be used for many purposes but it is used commonly in web browsers.

History

Before the second browser wars in 2008-2009, the JavaScript engine (also known as JavaScript interpreter or JavaScript implementation) was known simply as an interpreter that read and executed JavaScript source code.
The first JavaScript engine was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape Communications Corporation for the Netscape Navigator web browser. The engine, code named SpiderMonkey, is implemented in C. It has since been updated (in JavaScript 1.5) to conform to ECMA-262 Edition 3. The Rhino engine, created primarily by Norris Boyd (also at Netscape) is a JavaScript implementation in Java.
By far the most common host environment for JavaScript is a web browser. Web browsers typically use the public API to create "host objects" responsible for reflecting the DOM into JavaScript.
The web server is another common application of the engine.  Jaxer is a web server that runs entirely on JavaScript; this has the benefit of allowing the same code to be shared on the server and on the client.


JavaScript engines

Major browser JS engines:
Mozilla

• Rhino, managed by the Mozilla Foundation, open source, developed entirely in Java
• SpiderMonkey (code name), the first ever JavaScript engine, written by Brendan Eich at Netscape Communications
• TraceMonkey, the engine promoted with Firefox 3.5
• JägerMonkey, the engine in development for Mozilla Firefox 4. 
• Tamarin, by Adobe Labs

Google

• V8 - open source, developed by Google in Denmark, part of Google Chrome

Other

• KJS - KDE 's ECMAScript/JavaScript engine originally developed by Harri Porten for the KDE project's Konqueror web browser
• Narcissus open source, written by Brendan Eich, who also wrote SpiderMonkey
• Chakra, for Internet Explorer 9.
• Nitro, (formerly SquirrelFish) for Safari 4
• Carakan, by Opera Software, used since Opera 10.50
• Futhark, by Opera Software, replaced by Carakan in Opera 10.50 (released March 2010)

Google Trends

Google Trends is a public web facility of Google Inc., based on Google Search, that shows how often a particular search-term is entered relative to the total search-volume across various regions of the world, and in various language.

Google Trends also allows the user to compare the volume of searches between two or more terms. An additional feature of Google Trends is in its ability to show news related to the search-term overlaid on the chart, showing how new events affect search popularity.
Originally, Google neglected updating Google Trends on a regular basis. In March 2007, internet bloggers noticed that Google had not added new data since November 2006, and Trends was updated within a week. Google did not update Trends from March until July 30, and only after it was blogged about, again.Google now claims to be "updating the information provided by Google Trends daily; Hot Trends is updated hourly."
On August 6, 2008, Google launched a free service called Insights for Search. Insights for Search is an extension of Google Trends and although the tool is meant for marketers, it can be utilized by any user. The tool allows for the tracking of various words and phrases that are typed into Google’s search-box. The tracking device provided a more-indepth analysis of results. It also has the ability to categorize and organize the data, with special attention given to the breakdown of information by geographical areas.
Google Hot Trends

Google Hot Trends is an addition to Google Trends which displays the top 20 hot, i.e., fastest rising, searches (search-terms) of the past hour in the United States. This is for searches that have recently experienced a sudden surge in popularity. For each of the search-terms, it provides a 24-hour search-volume graph as well as blog, news and web search results. Hot Trends has a history feature for those wishing to browse past hot searches. Hot Trends can be installed as an iGoogle Gadget. Hot Trends is also available as an hourly Atom web feed.

Search engine optimization (SEO)

Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the visibility of a website or a web page in search engines via the "natural" or un-paid ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Other forms of search engine marketing (SEM) target paid listings. In general, the earlier (or higher on the page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search and industry-specific vertical search engines. This gives a website web presence.

As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content and HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.

The acronym "SEO" can refer to "search engine optimizers," a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site and site content, SEO tactics may be incorporated into website development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe website designs, menus, content management systems, images, videos, shopping carts, and other elements that have been optimized for the purpose of search engine exposure.

Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or spamdexing, uses methods such as link farms, keyword stuffing and article spinning that degrade both the relevance of search results and the user-experience of search engines. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques in order to remove them from their indices.

Active-matrix OLED

Active-matrix OLED (Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode or AMOLED) is a display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions. OLED describes a specific type of thin film display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels. AMOLED technology is currently used in mobile phone and media players[1] and continues to make progress towards low power, low cost and large size (for example 40 inch) for applications such as televisions.


Technical
An active matrix OLED display consists of a matrix of OLED pixels that generate light upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin film transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel.
Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel, one to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel and eliminating need for the very high currents required for passive matrix OLED operation.
TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. Two primary TFT backplane technologies, namely polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are used today in AMOLEDs. These technologies offer the potential for fabricating the active matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150°C) directly onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays

Telnet

Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Near Field Communication or NFC

Near Field Communication or NFC, is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology which enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10 centimeter (around 4 inches) distance. The technology is a simple extension of the ISO/IEC 14443 proximity-card standard (proximity card, RFID) that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. An NFC device can communicate with both existing ISO/IEC 14443 smartcards and readers, as well as with other NFC devices, and is thereby compatible with existing contactless infrastructure already in use for public transportation and payment. NFC is primarily aimed at usage in mobile phones.

graphics processing unit or GPU

A graphics processing unit or GPU (also occasionally called visual processing unit or VPU) is a specialized microprocessor that offloads and accelerates graphics rendering from the central (micro-)processor. It is used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics, and their highly parallel structure makes them more effective than general-purpose CPUs for a range of complex algorithms. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card, or it can be on the motherboard. More than 90% of new desktop and notebook computers have integrated GPUs, which are usually far less powerful than those on a dedicated video card.
The term was defined and popularized by Nvidia in 1999, who marketed the GeForce 256 as "the world's first 'GPU', or Graphics Processing Unit, a single-chip processor with integrated transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping, and rendering engines that is capable of processing a minimum of 10 million polygons per second." Rival ATI Technologies coined the term visual processing unit or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002.

In-Plane Switching (IPS)

In-Plane Switching (IPS) is a liquid crystal switching technology that addresses the problems that affected early TFT-LCD panels many years ago, including limited viewing angles, color shift and slow response times. Thanks to the roll-out of successive generations of IPS technology, all of these issues are now largely in the past, and high-end LCD TVs that combine an IPS-based panel with premium set electronics truly deliver a superior viewing experience.

THE EVOLUTION OF IPS

The original IPS technology was developed some years ago by engineers at Hitachi as a way to overcome the poor viewing angle characteristics of early TFT-LCD technology. The basic principle was to change the physical behavior of the liquid crystal layer by having the molecules move in parallel to the TFT and color filter layers rather than at oblique angles. This fundamental change significantly lessened light scattering, and thus improved the picture uniformity and color fidelity when viewed from wide angles.

• Several years later, LG.Philips LCD introduced Super IPS (S-IPS),which built upon the strengths of IPS by employing an advanced “multi-domain” liquid crystal alignment.
• Enhanced Super IPS (Enhanced S-IPS) is the newest generation of IPS technology, and takes the LCD viewing experience to the next level.

Tablet personal computer

A tablet personal computer (tablet PC) is a portable personal computer equipped with a touchscreen as a primary input device and designed to be operated and owned by an individual.The term was made popular as a concept presented by Microsoft in 2001, but tablet PCs now refer to any tablet-sized personal computer, regardless of the operating system.
Unlike laptops, tablet personal computers may not be equipped with a keyboard, in which case they use a virtual onscreen substitute. All tablet personal computers have a wireless adapter for Internet and local network connection. Software applications for tablet PCs include office suites, web browsers,games and a variety of applications. However, since portable computer hardware components are low powered, demanding PC applications may not provide an ideal experience to the user.

iPhone

The iPhone  is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced on January 9, 2007.
An iPhone functions as a camera phone, including text messaging and visual voicemail, a portable media player, and an Internet client, with e-mail, web browsing, and Wi-Fi connectivity. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one. Third-party applications are available from the App Store, which launched in mid-2008 and now has well over 300,000 "apps" approved by Apple. These apps have diverse functionalities, including games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, and advertising for television shows, films, and celebrities.

Smartphone

A smartphone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic feature phone. Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on platforms such as Java ME, a smartphone allows the user to install and run more advanced applications based on a specific platform. Smartphones run complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers. A smartphone can be considered as a Personal Pocket Computer (PPC) with mobile phone functions, because these devices are mainly computers, although much smaller than a desktop computer (DC). Additionally a PPC (Personal Pocket Computer) is more personal than a DC (desktop computer).

Some facts about smartphone:

• The first smartphone was called Simon; it was designed by IBM in 1992.
• The Nokia Communicator line was the first of Nokia's smartphones starting with the Nokia 9000, released in 1996.
• In 1997 Ericsson released the concept phone GS88, the first device labelled as 'smartphone'

Nexus S

The Nexus S is a smartphone designed by Google and manufactured by Samsung. It was demonstrated by Google CEO Eric Schmidt on November 15, 2010 at the Web 2.0 Summit and will be using Android 2.3 "Gingerbread". Google officially announced the phone on their blog on December 6, 2010. The phone will be available for purchase after December 16th in the US, and December 20th in the UK. It will be the first Android device which will support NFC in both hardware and software.

Ubuntu (operating system)

Ubuntu  is a computer operating system based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and distributed as free and open source software. It is named after the Southern African philosophy of Ubuntu ("humanity towards others").
With an estimated global usage of more than 12 million users,Ubuntu is designed primarily for desktop use, although netbook and server editions exist as well. Web statistics suggest that Ubuntu's share of Linux desktop usage is about 50%,and indicate upward trending usage as a web server.

Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was purchased by Google in 2005. Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated to develop and release Android to the world. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010, with a third quarter market share of 43.6%.
Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices.